On March 9, 2024, the rebel group M23, supported by Rwanda, signed a framework agreement for a peace deal aimed at addressing the ongoing conflict in eastern Congo. This agreement represents another attempt to resolve a situation that has persisted for decades, contributing to one of the most pressing humanitarian crises globally.
The recent escalation in violence saw M23 seize control of Goma and Bukavu, two crucial cities in eastern Congo, earlier this year. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of approximately 7 million people, drawing significant attention from international bodies, including the United Nations, which has characterized the situation as “one of the most protracted, complex, serious humanitarian crises on Earth.”
Details of the Framework Agreement
The agreement was signed in Doha, following mediation efforts by both Qatar and the United States. According to Benjamin Mbonimpa, the head of the M23 delegation, this framework serves as an outline of the measures needed to achieve a final peace agreement. In a video posted on X, Mbonimpa emphasized that “there will be neither any change in the situation on the ground, nor any activity whatsoever, until the measures are debated, negotiated and discussed one by one.”
The Congolese government confirmed that the framework includes eight specific measures essential for reaching a comprehensive peace deal. Two of these measures — relating to the release of prisoners and the establishment of a ceasefire oversight body — were previously agreed upon in September and October 2023. The remaining six measures, which encompass restoring state authority in areas controlled by rebels, ensuring humanitarian access, and resettling refugees, are set to be discussed in the coming weeks.
Challenges Ahead and International Involvement
Despite the optimism surrounding the framework agreement, tensions remain high. Both the Congolese government and M23 have accused each other of violating previous peace terms, which has led to ongoing clashes. Qatar has facilitated numerous negotiation rounds since April 2023, aiming to establish preconditions for a lasting peace and build mutual trust between the conflicting parties.
In July 2023, the parties reached a declaration of principles in Qatar, committing to a comprehensive peace agreement by August 18, but failed to meet the deadline, attributing the breach to each other’s actions. The situation’s complexity is further intensified by the regional dynamics, particularly Rwanda’s involvement, which has been a point of contention in the negotiations.
Massad Boulos, a senior adviser to former US President Donald Trump, attended the signing ceremony in Doha and described the framework agreement as a “starting point.” He expressed hope that the efforts would lead to fruitful outcomes, framing this moment as a “historic” opportunity for peace.
The ongoing conflict in eastern Congo continues to draw international scrutiny, with humanitarian organizations urging immediate action to address the needs of those affected. As discussions progress over the next two weeks, the international community watches closely, hopeful for a resolution that could finally bring stability to the region.
